The Sovereignty of God in Salvation



by Arthur W. Pink





\"0 the depths of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! how

unsearchable are His judgments, and His ways past finding out\" (Rom. 11:33).

\"Salvation is of the LORD\" (Jonah 2:9); but the Lord does not save all. Why not?

He does save some; then if He saves some, why not others? Is it because they are

too sinful and depraved? No; for the Apostle wrote, \"This is a faithful saying,

and worthy of all acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save

sinners; of whom I am chief\" (1 Tim. 1:15). Therefore, if God saved the \"chief\"

of sinners, none are excluded because of their depravity. Why then does not God

save all? Is it because some are too stony-hearted to be won? No; because it is

written, that God will \"take the stony heart out of their flesh, and will give

them a heart of flesh\" (Ezek. 11:19). Then is it because some are so stubborn,

so intractable, so defiant that God is unable to woo them to Himself? Before we

answer this question let us ask another; let us appeal to the experience of the

Christian reader.

Friend, was there not a time when you walked in the counsel of the ungodly,

stood in the way of sinners, sat in the seat of the scorners, and with them

said, \"We will not have this Man to reign over us\" (Luke 19:14)? Was there not a

time when you \"would not come to Christ that you might have life\" (John 5:40)?

Yea, was there not a time when you mingled your voice with those who said unto

God, \"Depart from us; for we desire not the knowledge of Thy ways. What is the

Almighty, that we should serve Him? and what profit should we have, if we pray

unto Him?\" (Job 21:14, 15)? With shamed face you have to acknowledge there was.

But how is it that all is now changed? What was it that brought you from haughty

self-sufficiency to a humble suppliant; from one that was at enmity with God to

one that is at peace with Him; from lawlessness to subjection; from hate to

love? And as one ëborn of the Spirit\' you will readily reply, \"By the grace of

God I am what I am\" (1 Cor. 15:10). Then do you not see that it is due to no

lack of power in God, nor to His refusal to coerce man, that other rebels are

not saved too? If God was able to subdue your will and win your heart, and that

without interfering with your moral responsibility, then is He not able to do

the same for others? Assuredly He is. Then how inconsistent, how illogical, how

foolish of you, in seeking to account for the present course of the wicked and

their ultimate fate, to argue that God is unable to save them, that they will

not let Him. Do you say, \"But the time came when I was willing, willing to

receive Christ as my Saviour\"? True, but it was the Lord who made you willing

(Psa. 110:3; Phil. 2:13); why then does He not make all sinners willing? Why,

but for the fact that He is Sovereign and does as He pleases! But to return to

our opening inquiry.

Why is it that all are not saved, particularly all who hear the Gospel? Do you

still answer, Because the majority refuse to believe? Well, that is true, but it

is only a part of the truth. It is the truth from the human side. But there is a

Divine side too, and this side of the truth needs to be stressed or God will be

robbed of His glory. The unsaved are lost because they refuse to believe; the

others are saved because they believe. But why do these others believe? What is

it that causes them to put their trust in Christ? Is it because they are more

intelligent than their fellows, and quicker to discern their need of salvation?

Perish the thought--\"Who maketh thee to differ from another? And what hast thou

that thou didst not receive? Now if thou didst receive it, why dost thou glory,

as if thou hadst not received it?\" (1 Cor. 4:7). It is God Himself who maketh

the difference between the elect and the non-elect, for of His own it is

written, \"And we know that the Son of God is come, and hath given us an

understanding, that we may know Him that is true\" (1 John 5:20).

Faith is God\'s gift, and \"all men have not faith\" (2 Thess. 3:2); therefore, we

see that God does not bestow this gift upon all. Upon whom then does He bestow

this saving favor? And we answer, upon His own elect--\"As many as were ordained

to eternal life believed\" (Acts 13:48). Hence it is that we read of \"the faith

of God\'s elect\" (Titus 1:1). But is God partial in the distribution of His

favors? Has He not the right to be? Are there still some who murmur against the

Goodman of the house\'? Then His own words are sufficient reply--\"Is it not

lawful for Me to do what I will with Mine own?\" (Matt. 20:15). God is Sovereign

in the bestowment of His gifts, both in the natural and in the spiritual realms.

So much then for a general statement, and now to particularize.



1. THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD THE FATHER IN SALVATION.



Perhaps the one Scripture which most emphatically of all asserts the absolute

Sovereignty of God in connection with His determining the destiny of His

creatures, is the Ninth of Romans. We shall not attempt to review here the

entire chapter, but will confine ourselves to verses 21-23-- \"Hath not the

potter power over the clay of the same lump, to make one vessel unto honor, and

another unto dishonor? What if God, willing to show His wrath, and to make His

power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath fitted to

destruction: And that He might make known the riches of His glory on the vessels

of mercy, which He had afore prepared unto glory?\" These verses represent fallen

mankind as inert and as impotent as a lump of lifeless clay. This Scripture

evidences that there is \"no difference,\" in themselves, between the elect and

the non-elect; they are clay of \"the same lump,\" which agrees with Ephesians

2:3, where we are told that all are by nature \"children of wrath.\" It teaches us

that the ultimate destiny of every individual is decided by the will of God, and

blessed it is that such be the case; if it were left to our wills, the ultimate

destination of us all would be the Lake of Fire. It declares that God Himself

does make a difference in the respective destinations to which He assigns His

creatures, for one vessel is made \"unto honor and another unto dishonor;\" some

are \"vessels of wrath fitted to destruction,\" others are \"vessels of mercy,

which He had afore prepared unto glory.\"

We readily acknowledge that it is very humbling to the proud heart of the

creature to behold all mankind in the hand of God as the clay in the potter\'s

hand, yet this is precisely how the Scriptures of Truth represent the case. In

this day of human boasting, intellectual pride, and deification of man, it needs

to be insisted upon that the potter forms his vessels for himself. Let man

strive with his Maker as he will, the fact remains that he is nothing more than

clay in the Heavenly Potter\'s hands, and while we know that God will deal justly

with His creatures, that the Judge of all the earth will do right, nevertheless,

He shapes His vessels for His own purpose and according to His own pleasure. God

claims the indisputable right to do as He wills with His own.

Not only has God the right to do as He wills with the creatures of His own

hands, but He exercises this right, and nowhere is that seen more plainly than

in His predestinating grace. Before the foundation of the world God made a

choice, a selection, an election. Before His omniscient eye stood the whole of

Adam\'s race, and from it He singled out a people and predestinated them \"to be

conformed to the image of His Son,\" \"ordained\" them unto eternal life. Many are

the Scriptures which set forth this blessed truth, seven of which will now

engage our attention.

\"As many as were ordained to eternal life, believed\" (Acts 13:48). Every

artifice of human ingenuity has been employed to blunt the sharp edge of this

Scripture and to explain away the obvious meaning of these words, but it has

been employed in vain, though nothing will ever be able to reconcile this and

similar passages to the mind of the natural man. \"As many as were ordained to

eternal life, believed.\" Here we learn four things: First, that believing is the

consequence and not the cause of God\'s decree. Second, that a limited number

only are \"ordained to eternal life,\" for if all men without exception were thus

ordained by God, then the words \"as many as\" are a meaningless qualification.

Third, that this \"ordination\" of God is not to mere external privileges but to

\"eternal life,\" not to service but to salvation itself. Fourth, that all--\"as

many as,\" not one less--who are thus ordained by God to eternal life will most

certainly believe.

The comments of the beloved Spurgeon on the above passage are well worthy of our

notice. Said he, \"Attempts have been made to prove that these words do not teach

predestination, but these attempts so clearly do violence to language that I

shall not waste time in answering them. I read: ëAs many as were ordained to

eternal life believed,\' and I shall not twist the text but shall glorify the

grace of God by ascribing to that grace the faith of every man. Is it not God

who gives the disposition to believe? If men are disposed to have eternal life,

does not He--in every case--dispose them? Is it wrong for God to give grace? If

it be right for Him to give it, is it wrong for Him to purpose to give it? Would

you have Him give it by accident? If it is right for Him to purpose to give

grace today, it was right for Him to purpose it before today--and, since He

changes not--from eternity.\"

\"Even so then at this present time also there is a remnant according to the

election of grace. And if by grace, then it is no more of works: otherwise grace

is no more grace. But if it be of works, then is it no more grace: otherwise

work is no more work\" (Rom. 11:5, 6). The words \"Even so\" at the beginning of

this quotation refer us to the previous verse where we are told, \"I have

reserved to Myself seven thousand men who have not bowed the knee to Baal.\" Note

particularly the word \"reserved.\" In the days of Elijah there were seven

thousand--a small minority--who were Divinely preserved from idolatry and

brought to the knowledge of the true God. This preservation and illumination was

not from anything in themselves, but solely by God\'s special influence and

agency. How highly favored such individuals were to be thus \"reserved\" by God!

Now says the Apostle, Just as there was a \"remnant\" in Elijah\'s days \"reserved

by God,\" even so there is in this present dispensation.

\"A remnant according to the election of grace.\" Here the cause of election is

traced back to its source. The basis upon which God elected this \"remnant\" was

not faith foreseen in them, because a choice founded upon the foresight of good

works is just as truly made on the ground of works as any choice can be, and in

such a case it would not be \"of grace\" ; for, says the Apostle, \"if by grace,

then it is no more of works: otherwise grace is no more grace\" ; which means

that grace and works are opposites, they have nothing in common, and will no

more mingle than oil and water. Thus the idea of inherent good foreseen in those

chosen, or of anything meritorious performed by them, is rigidly excluded. \"A

remnant according to the election of grace\" signifies an unconditional choice

resulting from the Sovereign favor of God; in a word, it is absolutely a

gratuitous election.

\"For ye see your calling, brethren, how that not many wise men after the flesh,

not many mighty, not many noble, are called: But God hath chosen the foolish

things of the world to confound the wise; and God hath chosen the weak things of

the world to confound the things which are mighty: and base things of the world,

and things which are despised, hath God chosen, yea, and things which are not,

to bring to nought things that are: That no flesh should glory in His presence\"

(1 Cor. 1:26-29). Three times over in this passage reference is made to God\'s

choice, and choice necessarily supposes a selection, the taking of some and the

leaving of others. The Chooser here is God Himself, as said the Lord Jesus to

the Apostles, \"Ye have not chosen Me, but I have chosen you\" (John 15:16). The

number chosen is strictly defined--\"not many wise men after the flesh, not many

noble,\" etc., which agree with Matthew 20:16, \"So the last shall be first, and

the first last; for many be called, but few chosen.\" So much then for the fact

of God\'s choice; now mark the objects of His choice.

The ones spoken of above as chosen of God are \"the weak things of the world,

base things of the world, and things which are despised.\" But why? To

demonstrate and magnify His grace. God\'s ways as well as His thoughts are

utterly at variance with man\'s. The carnal mind would have supposed that a

selection had been made from the ranks of the opulent and influential, the

amiable and cultured, so that Christianity might have won the approval and

applause of the world by its pageantry and fleshly glory. Ah, but \"that which is

highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God\" (Luke 16:15). God

chooses the \"base things.\" He did so in Old Testament times. The nation which He

singled out to be the depository of His holy oracles and the channel through

which the promised Seed should come was not the ancient Egyptians, the imposing

Babylonians, nor the highly civilized and cultured Greeks. No; that people upon

whom Jehovah set His love and regarded as ëthe apple of His eye\' were the

despised, nomadic Hebrews. So it was when our Lord tabernacled among men. The

ones whom He took into favored intimacy with Himself and commissioned to go

forth as His ambassadors were, for the most part, unlettered fishermen. And so

it has been ever since. So it is today: at the present rates of increase, it

will not be long before it is manifested that the Lord has more in despised

China who are really His, than He has in the highly favored U.S.A.; more among

the uncivilized blacks of Africa, than He has in cultured (?) Germany! And the

purpose of God\'s choice, the raison d\' etre of the selection He has made is,

\"that no flesh should glory in His presence\"--there being nothing whatever in

the objects of His choice which should entitle them to His special favors, then,

all the praise will be freely ascribed to the exceeding riches of His manifold

grace.

\"Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who hath blessed us

with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ: According as He hath

chosen us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and

without blame before Him; having predestinated us unto the adoption of children

by Jesus Christ to Himself, according to the good pleasure of His will... In

whom also we have obtained an inheritance, being predestinated according to the

purpose of Him who worketh all things after the counsel of His own will\" (Eph.

1:3-5, 11). Here again we are told at what point in time--if time it could be

called--when God made choice of those who were to be His children by Jesus

Christ. It was not after Adam had fallen and plunged his race into sin and

wretchedness, but long ere Adam saw the light, even before the world itself was

founded, that God chose us in Christ. Here also we learn the purpose which God

had before Him in connection with His own elect: it was that they \"should be

holy and without blame before Him\" ; it was \"unto the adoption of children\" ; it

was that they should \"obtain an inheritance.\" Here also we discover the motive

which prompted Him. It was \"in love that He predestinated us unto the adoption

of children by Jesus Christ to Himself\"--a statement which refutes the oft made

and wicked charge that, for God to decide the eternal destiny of His creatures

before they are born, is tyrannical and unjust. Finally, we are informed here,

that in this matter He took counsel with none, but that we are \"predestinated

according to the good pleasure of His will.\"

\"But we are bound to give thanks alway to God for you, brethren beloved of the

Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through

sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth\" (2 Thess. 2:13). There are

three things here which deserve special attention. First, the fact that we are

expressly told that God\'s elect are \"chosen to salvation.\" Language could not be

more explicit. How summarily do these words dispose of the sophistries and

equivocations of all who would make election refer to nothing but external

privileges or rank in service! It is to \"salvation\" itself that God hath chosen

us. Second, we are warned here that election unto salvation does not disregard

the use of appropriate means: salvation is reached through \"sanctification of

the Spirit and belief of the truth.\" It is not true that because God has chosen

a certain one to salvation that he will be saved willy-nilly, whether he

believes or not: nowhere do the Scriptures so represent it. The same God who

predestined the end also appointed the means; the same God who \"chose unto

salvation\" decreed that His purpose should be realized through the work of the

Spirit and belief of the truth. Third, that God has chosen us unto salvation is

a profound cause for fervent praise. Note how strongly the Apostle expresses

this--\"we are bound to give thanks always to God for you, brethren beloved of

the Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation,\" etc.

Instead of shrinking hack in horror from the doctrine of predestination, the

believer, when he sees this blessed truth as it is unfolded in the Word,

discovers a ground for gratitude and thanksgiving such as nothing else affords,

save the unspeakable gift of the Redeemer Himself.

\"Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our

works, but according to His own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ

Jesus before the world began\" (2 Tim. 1:9). How plain and pointed is the

language of Holy Writ! It is man who, by his words, darkeneth counsel. It is

impossible to state the case more clearly, or strongly, than it is stated here.

Our salvation is not \"according to our works\" ; that is to say, it is not due to

anything in us, nor the rewarding of anything from us; instead, it is the result

of God\'s own \"purpose and grace\"; and this grace was given us in Christ Jesus

before the world began. It is by grace we are saved, and in the purpose of God

this grace was bestowed upon us not only before we saw the light, not only

before Adam\'s fall, but even before that far distant \"beginning\" of Genesis 1:1.

And herein lies the unassailable comfort of God\'s people. If His choice has been

from eternity it will last to eternity! \"Nothing can survive to eternity but

what came from eternity, and what has so come, will\" (George S. Bishop).

\"Elect according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through sanctification

of the Spirit, unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ\" (1

Peter 1:2). Here again election by the Father precedes the work of the Holy

Spirit in, and the obedience of faith by, those who are saved; thus taking it

entirely off creature ground, and resting it in the Sovereign pleasure of the

Almighty. The \"foreknowledge of God the Father\" does not here refer to His

prescience of all things, but signifies that the saints were all eternally

present in Christ before the mind of God. God did not \"foreknow\" that certain

ones who heard the Gospel would believe it apart from the fact that He had

\"ordained\" these certain ones to eternal life. What God\'s prescience saw in all

men was, love of sin and hatred of Himself. The \"foreknowledge\" of God is based

upon His own decrees as is clear from Acts 2:23--\"Him, being delivered by the

determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands

have crucified and slain\"--note the order here: first God\'s \"determinate

counsel\" (His decree), and second His \"foreknowledge.\" So it is again in Romans

8:28, 29, \"For whom He did foreknow, He also did predestinate to be conformed to

the image of His Son,\" but the first word here, \"for,\" looks back to the

preceding verse and the last clause of its reads, \"to them who are the called

according to His purpose\"--these are the ones whom He did \"foreknow and

predestinate.\" Finally, it needs to be pointed out that when we read in

Scripture of God \"knowing\" certain people the word is used in the sense of

knowing with approbation and love: \"But if any man love God, the same is known

of Him\" (1 Cor. 8:3). To the hypocrites Christ will yet say \"I never knew

you\"--He never loved them. \"Elect according to the foreknowledge of God the

Father\" signifies, then, chosen by Him as the special objects of His approbation

and love.

Summarizing the teaching of these seven passages we learn that, God has

\"ordained to eternal life\" certain ones, and that in consequence of His

ordination they, in due time, \"believe\"; that God\'s ordination to salvation of

His own elect is not due to any good thing in them nor to anything meritorious

from them, but solely of \"His grace\"; that God has designedly selected the most

unlikely objects to be the recipients of His special favors in order that \"no

flesh should glory in His presence\"; that God chose His people in Christ before

the foundation of the world, not because they were so, but in order that they

\"should be holy and without blame before Him\"; that having selected certain ones

to salvation. He also decreed the means by which His eternal counsel should be

made good; that the very \"grace\" by which we are saved was, in God\'s purpose,

\"given us in Christ Jesus before the world began\"; that long before they were

actually created God\'s elect stood present before His mind, were \"foreknown\" by

Him, i.e., were the definite objects of His eternal love.

Before turning to the next division of this chapter, a further word concerning

the subjects of God\'s predestinating grace. We go over this ground again because

it is at this point that the doctrine of God\'s Sovereignty in predestining

certain ones to salvation is most frequently assaulted. Perverters of this truth

invariably seek to find some cause outside God\'s own will which moves Him to

bestow salvation on sinners; something or other is attributed to the creature

which entitles him to receive mercy at the hands of the Creator. We return then

to the question, Why did God choose the ones He did?

What was there in the elect themselves which attracted God\'s heart to them? Was

it because of certain virtues they possessed? because they were

generous-hearted, sweet-tempered, truth-speaking? in a word, because they were

\"good,\" that God chose them? No; for our Lord said, \"There is none good but one,

that is God\" (Matt. 19:17). Was it because of any good works they had performed?

No; for it is written, \"There is none that doeth good, no, not one\" (Rom. 3:12).

Was it because they evidenced an earnestness and zeal in inquiring after God?

No; for it is written again, \"There is none that seeketh after God\" (Rom. 3:11).

Was it because God foresaw they would believe? No; for how can those who are

\"dead in trespasses and sins\" believe in Christ? How could God foreknow some men

as believers when belief was impossible to them? Scripture declares that we

\"believe through grace\" (Acts 18:27). Faith is God\'s gift, and apart from this

gift none would believe. The cause of His choice then lies within Himself and

not in the objects of His choice. He chose the ones He did simply because He

chose to choose them.

\"Sons we are by God\'s election

Who on Jesus Christ believe,

By eternal destination,

Sovereign grace we now receive,

Lord Thy mercy,

Doth both grace and glory give!\"



2. THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD THE SON IN SALVATION.



For whom did Christ die? It surely does not need arguing that the Father had an

express purpose in giving Him to die, or that God the Son had a definite design

before Him in laying down His life--\"Known unto God are all His works from the

beginning of the world\" (Acts 15:18). What then was the purpose of the Father

and the design of the Son. We answer, Christ died for \"God\'s elect.\"

We are not unmindful of the fact that the limited design in the death of Christ

has been the subject of much controversy--what great truth revealed in Scripture

has not? Nor do we forget that anything which has to do with the Person and work

of our blessed Lord requires to be handled with the utmost reverence, and that a

\"Thus saith the Lord\" must be given in support of every assertion we make. Our

appeal shall be to the Law and to the Testimony.

For whom did Christ die? Who were the ones He intended to redeem by His

blood-shedding? Surely the Lord Jesus had some absolute determination before Him

when He went to the Cross. If He had, then it necessarily follows that the

extent of that purpose was limited, because an absolute determination of purpose

must be effected. If the absolute determination of Christ included all mankind,

then all mankind would most certainly be saved. To escape this inevitable

conclusion many have affirmed that there was not such absolute determination

before Christ, that in His death a merely conditional provision of salvation has

been made for all mankind. The refutation of this assertion is found in the

promises made by the Father to His Son before He went to the Cross, yea, before

He became incarnate. The Old Testament Scriptures represent the Father as

promising the Son a certain reward for His sufferings on behalf of sinners. At

this stage we shall confine ourselves to one or two statements recorded in the

well known Fifty-third of Isaiah. There we find God saying, \"When Thou shalt

make His soul an offering for sin, He shall see His seed,\" that \"He shall see of

the travail of His soul, and shall be satisfied,\" and that God\'s righteous

Servant \"should justify many\" (vv. 10 and 11). But here we would pause and ask,

How could it be certain that Christ should \"see His seed,\" and \"see of the

travail of His soul and be satisfied,\" unless the salvation of certain members

of the human race had been Divinely decreed, and therefore was sure? How could

it be certain that Christ should \"justify many,\" if no effectual provision was

made that any should receive Him as their Lord and Saviour? On the other hand,

to insist that the Lord Jesus did expressly purpose the salvation of all mankind

is to charge Him with that which no intelligent being should be guilty of,

namely, to design that which by virtue of His omniscience He knew would never

come to pass. Hence, the only alternative left us is that, so far as the

pre-determined purpose of His death is concerned Christ died for the elect only.

Summing up in a sentence, which we trust will be intelligible to every reader,

we would say, Christ died not merely to make possible the salvation of all

mankind, but to make certain the salvation of all that the Father had given to

Him. Christ died not simply to render sins pardonable, but \"to put away sin by

the sacrifice of Himself\" (Heb. 9:26). As to whose \"sin\" (i.e., guilt, as in 1

John 1:7, etc.) has been \"put away,\" Scripture leaves us in no doubt--it was

that of the elect, the \"world\" (John 1:29) of God\'s people!

(1) The limited design in the Atonement follows, necessarily, from the eternal

choice of the Father of certain ones unto salvation. The Scriptures inform us

that before the Lord became incarnate He said, \"Lo, I come, to do Thy will O

God\" (Heb. 10:7), and after He had become incarnate He declared, \"For I came

down from Heaven, not to do Mine own will, but the will of Him that sent Me\"

(John 6:38). If then God had from the beginning chosen certain ones to

salvation, then, because the will of Christ was in perfect accord with the will

of the Father, He would not seek to enlarge upon His election. What we have just

said is not merely a plausible deduction of our own, but is in strict harmony

with the express teaching of the Word. Again and again our Lord referred to

those whom the Father had \"given\" Him, and concerning whom He was particularly

exercised. Said He, \"All that the Father giveth Me shall come to Me; and him

that cometh to Me I will in no wise cast out... And this is the Father\'s will

which hath sent Me, that of all which He hath given Me I should lose nothing,

but should raise it up again at the last day\" (John 6:37, 39). And again, \"These

words spake Jesus, and lifted up His eyes to Heaven, and said, Father, the hour

is come; glorify Thy Son, that Thy Son also may glorify Thee; As Thou hast given

Him power over all flesh, that He should give eternal life to as many as Thou

hast given Him...I have manifested Thy name unto the men which Thou gavest Me

out of the world: Thine they were, and Thou gavest them Me; and they have kept

Thy Word... I pray for them: I pray not for the world, but for them which Thou

hast given Me; for they are Thine... Father, I will that they also, whom Thou

hast given Me, be with Me where I am; that they may behold My glory, which Thou

hast given Me: for Thou lovedst Me before the foundation of the world\" (John

17:1, 2, 6, 9, 24). Before the foundation of the world the Father predestinated

a people to be conformed to the image of His Son, and the death and resurrection

of the Lord Jesus was in order to the carrying out of the Divine purpose.

(2) The very nature of the Atonement evidences that, in its application to

sinners, it was limited in the purpose of God. The Atonement of Christ may be

considered from two chief viewpoints--Godward and manward. Godward, the

Cross-work of Christ was a propitiation, an appeasing of Divine wrath, a

satisfaction rendered to Divine justice and holiness; manward, it was a

substitution, the Innocent taking the place of the guilty, the Just dying for

the unjust. But a strict substitution of a Person for persons, and the

infliction upon Him of voluntary sufferings, involve the definite recognition on

the part of the Substitute and of the One He is to propitiate of the persons for

whom He acts, whose sins He bears, whose legal obligations He discharges.

Furthermore, if the Lawgiver accepts the satisfaction which is made by the

Substitute, then those for whom the Substitute acts, whose place He takes, must

necessarily be acquitted. If I am in debt and unable to discharge it and another

comes forward and pays my creditor in full and receives a receipt in

acknowledgment, then, in the sight of the law, my creditor no longer has any

claim upon me. On the Cross the Lord Jesus gave Himself a ransom, and that it

was accepted by God was attested by the open grave three days later; the

question we would here raise is, For whom was this ransom offered? If it was

offered for all mankind then the debt incurred by every man has been cancelled.

If Christ bore in His own body on the tree the sins of all men without

exception, then none will perish. If Christ was \"made a curse\" for all of Adam\'s

race then none are now \"under condemnation.\" \"Payment God cannot twice demand,

first at my bleeding Surety\'s hand and then again at mine.\" But Christ did not

discharge the debts of all men without exception, for some there are who will be

\"cast into prison\" (cf. 1 Peter 3:19 where the same Greek word for \"prison\"

occurs), and they shall \"by no means come out thence, till they have paid the

uttermost farthing\" (Matt. 5:26), which, of course, will never be. Christ did

not bear the sins of all mankind, for some there are who \"die in their sins\"

(John 8:21), and whose \"sin remaineth\" (John 9:41). Christ was not \"made a

curse\" for all of Adam\'s race, for some there are to whom He will yet say,

\"Depart from Me ye cursed\" (Matt. 25:41). To say that Christ died for all alike,

to say that He became the Substitute and Surety of the whole human race, to say

that He suffered on behalf of and in the stead of all mankind, is to say that He

\"bore the curse for many who are now bearing the curse for themselves; that He

suffered punishment for many who are now lifting up their own eyes in Hell,

being in torments; that He paid the redemption price for many who shall yet pay

in their own eternal anguish the wages of sin, which is death\" (George S.

Bishop). But, on the other hand, to say as Scripture says, that Christ was

stricken for the transgressions of God\'s people, to say that He gave His life

\"for the sheep,\" to say He gave His life a ransom \"for many,\" is to say that He

made an atonement which fully atones; it is to say He paid a price which

actually ransoms; it is to say He was set forth a propitiation which really

propitiates; it is to say He is a Saviour who truly saves.

(3) Closely connected with, and confirmatory of what we have said above, is the

teaching of Scripture concerning our Lord\'s priesthood. It is as the great High

Priest that Christ now makes intercession. But for whom does He intercede? for

the whole human race, or only for His own people? The answer furnished by the

New Testament to this question is clear as a sunbeam. Our Saviour has entered

into Heaven itself \"now to appear in the presence of God for us\" (Heb. 9:24),

that is, for those who are \"partakers of the heavenly calling\" (Heb. 3:1). And

again it is written, \"Wherefore He is able also to save them to the uttermost

that come unto God by Him, seeing He ever liveth to make intercession for them\"

(Heb. 7:25). This is in strict accord with the Old Testament type. After slaying

the sacrificial animal, Aaron went into the holy of holies as the representative

and on behalf of the people of God: it was the names of Israel\'s tribes which

were engraven on his breastplate, and it was in their interests he appeared

before God. Agreeable to this are our Lord\'s words in John 17:9--\"I pray for

them: I pray not for the world, but for them which Thou hast given Me; for they

are Thine.\" Another Scripture which deserves careful attention in this

connection is found in Romans 8. In verse 33 the question is asked, \"Who shall

lay anything to the charge of God\'s elect?\" and then follows the inspired

answer--\"It is God that justifieth. Who is he that condemneth? It is Christ that

died, yea rather, that is risen again, who is even at the right hand of God, who

also maketh intercession for us.\" Note particularly that the death and

intercession of Christ have one and the same objects! As it was in the type so

it is with the antitype--expiation and supplication are co-extensive. If then

Christ intercedes for the elect only, and \"not for the world,\" then He died for

them only. And observe further, that the death, resurrection, exaltation and

intercession of the Lord Jesus are here assigned as the reason why none can lay

any \"charge\" against God\'s elect. Let those who would still take issue with what

we are advancing weigh carefully the following question--If the death of Christ

extends equally to all, how does it become security against a \"charge,\" seeing

that all who believe not are \"under condemnation\"? (John 3:18).

(4) The number of those who share the benefits of Christ\'s death is determined

not only by the nature of the Atonement and the priesthood of Christ but also by

His power. Grant that the One who died upon the Cross was God manifest in the

flesh and it follows inevitably that what Christ has purposed that will He

perform; that what He has purchased that will He possess; that what He has set

His heart upon that will He secure. If the Lord Jesus possesses all power in

Heaven and earth then none can successfully resist His will. But it may be said,

This is true in the abstract, nevertheless, Christ refuses to exercise this

power, inasmuch as He will never force anyone to receive Him as their Lord and

Saviour. In one sense that is true, but in another sense it is positively

untrue. The salvation of any sinner is a matter of Divine power. By nature the

sinner is at enmity with God, and naught but Divine power operating within him

can overcome this enmity; hence it is written, \"No man can come unto Me, except

the Father which hath sent Me draw him\" (John 6:44). It is the Divine power

overcoming the sinner\'s innate enmity which makes him willing to come to Christ

that he might have life. But this \"enmity\" is not overcome in all--why? Is it

because the enmity is too strong to be overcome? Are there some hearts so

steeled against Him that Christ is unable to gain entrance? To answer in the

affirmative is to deny His omnipotence. In the final analysis it is not a

question of the sinner\'s willingness or unwillingness, for by nature all are

unwilling. Willingness to come to Christ is the finished product of Divine power

operating in the human heart and will in overcoming man\'s inherent and chronic

\"enmity,\" as it is written, \"Thy people shall be willing in the day of Thy

power\" (Psa. 110:3). To say that Christ is unable to win to Himself those who

are unwilling is to deny that all power in Heaven and earth is His. To say that

Christ cannot put forth His power without destroying man\'s responsibility is a

begging of the question here raised, for He has put forth His power and made

willing those who have come to Him, and if He did this without destroying their

responsibility, why \"cannot\" He do so with others? If He is able to win the

heart of one sinner to Himself why not that of another? To say, as is usually

said, the others will not let Him is to impeach His sufficiency. It is a

question of His will. If the Lord Jesus has decreed, desired, purposed the

salvation of all mankind, then the entire human race will be saved, or,

otherwise, He lacks the power to make good His intentions; and in such a case it

could never be said, \"He shall see of the travail of His soul and be satisfied.\"

The issue raised involves the deity of the Saviour, for a defeated Saviour

cannot be God.

Having reviewed some of the general principles which require us to believe that

the death of Christ was limited in its design, we turn now to consider some of

the explicit statements of Scripture which expressly affirm it. In that wondrous

and matchless Fifty-third of Isaiah God tells us concerning His Son, \"He was

taken from prison and from judgment: and who shall declare His generation? for

He was cut off out of the land of the living: for the transgression of My people

was He stricken\" (v. 8). In perfect harmony with this was the word of the angel

to Joseph, \"Thou shalt call His name JESUS, for He shall save His people from

their sins\" (Matt. 1:21) i.e., not merely Israel, but all whom the Father had

\"given\" Him. Our Lord Himself declared, \"The Son of Man came not to be

ministered unto, but to minister, and to give His life a ransom for many\" (Matt.

20:28), but why have said \"for many\" if all without exception were included? It

was \"His people\" whom He \"redeemed\" (Luke 1:68). It was for \"the sheep,\" and not

the \"goats,\" that the Good Shepherd gave His life (John 10:11). It was the

\"Church of God which He purchased with His own blood\" (Acts 20:28).

If there is one Scripture more than any other upon which we should be willing to

rest our case it is John 11:49-52. Here we are told, \"And one of them, named

Caiaphas, being the high priest that same year, said unto them, Ye know nothing

at all, nor consider that it is expedient for us, that one man should die for

the people, and that the whole nation perish not. And this spake he not of

himself: but being high priest that year, he prophesied that Jesus should die

for that nation; And not for that nation only, but that also He should gather

together in one the children of God that were scattered abroad.\" Here we are

told that Caiaphas \"prophesied not of himself,\" that is, like those employed by

God in Old Testament times (see 2 Peter 1:21), his prophecy originated not with

himself, but he spake as he was moved by the Holy Spirit; thus is the value of

his utterance carefully guarded, and the Divine source of this revelation

expressly vouched for. Here, too, we are definitely informed that Christ died

for \"that nation,\" i.e., Israel, and also for the One Body, His Church, for it

is into the Church that the children of God--\"scattered\" among the nations--are

now being \"gathered together in one.\" And is it not remarkable that the members

of the Church are here called \"children of God\" even before Christ died, and

therefore before He commenced to build His Church! The vast majority of them had

not then been born, yet they were regarded as \"children of God\"; children of God

because they had been chosen in Christ before the foundation of the world, and

therefore \"predestinated unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to

Himself\" (Eph. 1:4, 5). In like manner, Christ said, \"Other sheep I have (not

\"shall have\") which are not of this fold\" (John 10:16).

If ever the real design of the Cross was uppermost in the heart and speech of

our blessed Saviour it was during the last week of His earthly ministry. What

then do the Scriptures which treat of this portion of His ministry record in

connection with our present inquiry? They say, \"When Jesus knew that His hour

was come that He should depart out of this world unto the Father, having loved

His own which were in the world, He loved them unto the end\" (John 13:1). They

tell us how He said, \"Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down

His life for His friends\" (John 15:13). They record His word, \"For their sakes I

sanctify Myself, that they also might be sanctified through the truth\" (John

17:19); which means, that for the sake of His own, those \"given\" to Him by the

Father, He separated Himself unto the death of the Cross. One may well ask, Why

such discrimination of terms if Christ died for all men indiscriminately?

Ere closing this section of the chapter we shall consider briefly a few of those

passages which seem to teach most strongly an unlimited design in the death of

Christ. In 2 Corinthians 5:14 we read, \"One died for all.\" But that is not all

this Scripture affirms. If the entire verse and passage from which these words

are quoted be carefully examined, it will be found that instead of teaching an

unlimited atonement, it emphatically argues a limited design in the death of

Christ. The whole verse reads, \"For the love of Christ constraineth us; because

we thus judge, that if One died for all, then were all dead.\" It should be

pointed out that in the Greek there is the definite article before the last

\"all,\" and that the verb here is in the aorist tense, and therefore should read,

\"We thus judge: that if One died for all, then the all died.\" The Apostle is

here drawing a conclusion as is clear from the words \"we thus judge, that if...

then were.\" His meaning is, that those for whom the One died are regarded,

judicially, as having died too. The next verse goes on to say, \"And He died for

all, that they which live should not henceforth live unto themselves, but unto

Him which died for them, and rose again.\" The One not only died but \"rose

again,\" and so, too, did the \"all\" for whom He died, for it is here said they

\"live.\" Those for whom a substitute acts are legally regarded as having acted

themselves. In the sight of the law the substitute and those whom he represents

are one. So it is in the sight of God. Christ was identified with His people and

His people were identified with Him, hence when He died they died (judicially)

and when He rose they rose also. But further we are told in this passage (v.

17), that if any man be in Christ he is a new creation; he has received a new

life in fact as well as in the sight of the law, hence the \"all\" for whom Christ

died are here bidden to live henceforth no more unto themselves, \"but unto Him

which died for them, and rose again.\" In other words, those who belonged to this

\"all\" for whom Christ died, are here exhorted to manifest practically in their

daily lives what is true of them judicially: they are to \"live unto Christ who

died for them.\" Thus the \"One died for all\" is defined for us. The \"all\" for

which Christ died are they which \"live,\" and which are here bidden to live \"unto

Him.\" This passage then teaches three important truths, and the better to show

its scope we mention them in their inverse order: certain ones are here bidden

to live no more unto themselves but unto Christ; the ones thus admonished are

\"they which live,\" that is live spiritually, hence, the children of God, for

they alone of mankind possess spiritual life, all others being dead in

trespasses and sins; those who do thus live are the ones, the \"all,\" the \"them,\"

for whom Christ died and rose again. This passage therefore teaches that Christ

died for all His people, the elect, those given to Him by the Father; that as

the result of His death (and rising again \"for them\") they \"live\"--and the elect

are the only ones who do thus \"live\"; and this life which is theirs through

Christ must be lived \"unto Him,\" Christ\'s love must now \"constrain\" them.

\"For there is one God, and one Mediator, between God and men (not \"man,\" for

this would have been a generic term and signified mankind. O the accuracy of

Holy Writ!), the Man Christ Jesus; who gave Himself a ransom for all, to be

testified in due time\" (1 Tim. 2:5, 6). It is upon the words \"who gave Himself a

ransom for all\" we would now comment. In Scripture the word \"all\" (as applied to

humankind) is used in two senses--absolutely and relatively. In some passages it

means all without exception; in others it signifies all without distinction. As

to which of these meanings it bears in any particular passage, must be

determined by the context and decided by a comparison of parallel Scriptures.

That the word \"all\" is used in a relative and restricted sense, and in such case

means all without distinction and not all without exception, is clear from a

number of Scriptures, from which we select two or three as samples. \"And there

went out unto him all the land of Judea, and they of Jerusalem, and were all

baptized of him in the river of Jordan, confessing their sins\" (Mark 1:5). Does

this mean that every man, woman and child from \"all the land of Judea and they

of Jerusalem\" were baptized of John in Jordan? Surely not. Luke 7:30 distinctly

says, \"But the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against

themselves, being not baptized of him.\" Then what does \"all baptized of him\"

mean? We answer it does not mean all without exception, but all without

distinction, that is, all classes and conditions of men. The same explanation

applies to Luke 3:21. Again we read, \"And early in the morning He came again

into the Temple, and all the people came unto Him; and He sat down, and taught

them\" (John 8:2); are we to understand this expression absolutely or relatively?

Does \"all the people\" mean all without exception or all without distinction,

that is, all classes and conditions of people? Manifestly the latter; for the

Temple was not able to accommodate everybody that was in Jerusalem at this time,

namely, the Feast of Tabernacles. Again, we read in Acts 22:15, \"For thou (Paul)

shalt be His witness unto all men of what thou hast seen and heard.\" Surely \"all

men\" here does not mean every member of the human race. Now we submit that the

words \"who gave Himself a ransom for all\" in 1 Timothy 2:6 mean all without

distinction, and not all without exception. He gave Himself a ransom for men of

all nationalities, of all generations, of all classes; in a word, for all the

elect, as we read in Revelation 5:9, \"For Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us

to God by Thy blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation.\"

That this is not an arbitrary definition of the \"all\" in our passage is clear

from Matthew 20:28 where we read, \"The Son of Man came not to be ministered

unto, but to minister, and to give His life a ransom for many,\" which limitation

would be quite meaningless if He gave Himself a ransom for all without

exception. Furthermore, the qualifying words here, \"to be testified in due time\"

must be taken into consideration. If Christ gave Himself a ransom for the whole

human race, in what sense will this be \"testified in due time\"? seeing that

multitudes of men will certainly be eternally lost. But if our text means that

Christ gave Himself a ransom for God\'s elect, for all without distinction,

without distinction of nationality, social prestige, moral character, age or

sex, then the meaning of these qualifying words is quite intelligible, for in

\"due time\" this will be \"testified\" in the actual and accomplished salvation of

every one of them.

\"But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels for the suffering

of death, crowned with glory and honor; that He by the grace of God should taste

death for every man\" (Heb. 2:9). This passage need not detain us long. A false

doctrine has been erected here on a false translation. There is no word whatever

in the Greek corresponding to \"man\" in our English version. In the Greek it is

left in the abstract--\"He tasted death for every.\" The Revised Version has

correctly omitted \"man\" from the text, but has wrongly inserted it in italics.

Others suppose the word \"thing\" should be supplied--\"He tasted death for every

thing\"--but this, too, we deem a mistake. It seems to us that the words which

immediately follow explain our text: \"For it became Him, for whom are all

things, and by whom are all things, in bringing many sons unto glory, to make

the captain of their salvation perfect through sufferings.\" It is of \"sons\" the

Apostle is here writing, and we suggest an ellipsis of \"son\"--thus: \"He tasted

death for every\"--and supply son in italics. Thus instead of teaching the

unlimited design of Christ\'s death, Hebrews 2:9, 10 is in perfect accord with

the other Scriptures we have quoted which set for the restricted purpose in the

Atonement: it was for the \"sons\" and not the human race our Lord \"tasted death.\"

In closing this section of the chapter let us say that the only limitation in

the Atonement we have contended for arises from pure Sovereignty; it is a

limitation not of value and virtue, but of design and application. We turn now

to consider—



3. THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD THE HOLY SPIRIT IN SALVATION.



Since the Holy Spirit is one of the three Persons in the blessed Trinity, it

necessarily follows that He is in full sympathy with the will and design of the

other Persons of the Godhead. The eternal purpose of the Father in election, the

limited design in the death of the Son, and the restricted scope of the Holy

Spirit\'s operations are in perfect accord. If the Father chose certain ones

before the foundation of the world and gave them to His Son, and if it was for

them that Christ gave Himself a ransom, then the Holy Spirit is not now working

to \"bring the world to Christ.\" The mission of the Holy Spirit in the world

today is to apply the benefits of Christ\'s redemptive sacrifice. The question

which is now to engage us is not the extent of the Holy Spirit\'s power--on that

point there can he no doubt, it is infinite--but what we shall seek to show is

that His power and operations are directed by Divine wisdom and Sovereignty.

We have just said that the power and operations of the Holy Spirit are directed

by Divine wisdom and indisputable Sovereignty. In proof of this assertion we

appeal first to our Lord\'s words to Nicodemus in John 3: 8-- \"The wind bloweth

where it listeth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence

it cometh, and whither it goeth; so is every one that is born of the Spirit.\" A

comparison is here drawn between the wind and the Spirit. The comparison is a

double one: first, both are Sovereign in their actions, and second, both are

mysterious in their operations. The comparison is pointed out in the word \"so.\"

The first point of analogy is seen in the words, \"where it listeth\" or

\"pleaseth\"; the second is found in the words \"canst not tell.\" With the second

point of analogy we are not now concerned, but upon the first we would comment

further.

\"The wind bloweth where it pleaseth... so is every one that is born of the

Spirit.\" The wind is an element which man can neither harness nor hinder. The

wind neither consults man\'s pleasure nor can it be regulated by his devices. So

it is with the Spirit. The wind blows when it pleases, where it pleases, as it

pleases. So it is with the Spirit. The wind is regulated by Divine wisdom, yet,

so far as man is concerned, it is absolutely Sovereign in its operations. So it

is with the Spirit. Sometimes the wind blows so softly it scarcely rustles a

leaf; at other times it blows so loudly that its roar can be heard for miles. So

it is in the matter of the new birth; with some the Holy Spirit deals so gently

that His work is imperceptible to human onlookers; with others His action is so

powerful, radical, revolutionary, that His operations are patent to many.

Sometimes the wind is purely local in its reach, at other times widespread in

its scope. So it is with the Spirit: today He acts on one or two souls, tomorrow

He may, as at Pentecost, \"prick in the heart\" a whole multitude. But whether He

works on few or many He consults not man. He acts as He pleases. The new birth

is due to the Sovereign will of the Spirit.

Each of the three Persons in the blessed Trinity is concerned with our

salvation: with the Father it is predestination; with the Son propitiation; with

the Spirit regeneration. The Father chose us; the Son died for us; the Spirit

quickens us. The Father was concerned about us; the Son shed His blood for us,

the Spirit performs His work within us. What the One did was eternal, what the

Other did was external, what the Spirit does is internal. It is with the work of

the Spirit we are now concerned, with His work in the new birth, and

particularly His Sovereign operations in the new birth. The Father purposed our

new birth; the Son has made possible (by His \"travail\") the new birth; but it is

the Spirit who effects the new birth--\"Born of the Spirit\" (John 3:6).

The new birth is solely the work of God the Spirit and man has no part or lot in

it. This from the very nature of the case. Birth altogether excludes the idea of

any effort or work on the part of the one who is born. Personally we have no

more to do with our spiritual birth than we had with our natural birth. The new

birth is a spiritual resurrection, a \"passing from death unto life\" (John 5:24)

and, clearly, resurrection is altogether outside of man\'s province. No corpse

can re-animate itself. Hence it is written, \"It is the Spirit that quickeneth;

the flesh profiteth nothing\" (John 6:63). But the Spirit does not \"quicken\"

everybody--why? The usual answer returned to this question is, Because everybody

does not trust in Christ. It is supposed that the Holy Spirit quickens only

those who believe. But this is to put the cart before the horse. Faith is not

the cause of the new birth, but the consequence of it. This ought not to need

arguing. Faith (in God) is an exotic, something that is not native to the human

heart. If faith were a natural product of the human heart, the exercise of a

principle common to human nature, it would never have been written, \"All men

have not faith\" (2 Thess. 3:2). Faith is a spiritual grace, the fruit of the

spiritual nature, and because the unregenerate are spiritually dead--\"dead in

trespasses and sins\"--then it follows that faith from them is impossible, for a

dead man cannot believe anything. \"So then they that are in the flesh cannot

please God\" (Rom. 8:8)--but they could if it were possible for the flesh to

believe. Compare with this last--quoted Scripture Hebrews 11:6--\"But without

faith it is impossible to please Him.\" Can God be \"pleased\" or satisfied with

any thing which does not have its origin in Himself?

That the work of the Holy Spirit precedes our believing is unequivocally

established by 2 Thessalonians 2:13--\"God hath from the beginning chosen you to

salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth.\" Note

that \"sanctification of the Spirit\" comes before and makes possible \"belief of

the truth.\" What then is the \"sanctification of the Spirit?\" We answer, the new

birth. In Scripture \"sanctification\" always means \"separation,\" separation for

something and unto something or someone. Let us now amplify our assertion that

the \"sanctification of the Spirit\" corresponds to the new birth and points to

the positional effect of it.

Here is a servant of God who preaches the Gospel to a congregation in which are

an hundred unsaved people. He brings before them the teaching of Scripture

concerning their ruined and lost condition: he speaks of God, His character and

righteous demands; he tells of Christ meeting God\'s demands, and dying the Just

for the unjust, and declares that through \"this Man\" is now preached the

forgiveness of sins; he closes by urging the lost to believe what God has said

in His Word and receive His Son as their Lord and Saviour. The meeting is over;

the congregation disperses; ninety-nine of the unsaved have refused to come to

Christ that they might have life, and go out into the night having no hope, and

without God in the world. But the hundredth heard the Word of life; the Seed

sown fell into ground which had been prepared by God; he believed the Good News,

and goes home rejoicing that his name is written in Heaven. He has been \"born

again,\" and just as a newly-born babe in the natural world begins life by

clinging instinctively, in its helplessness, to its mother, so this new-born

soul has clung to Christ. Just as we read, \"The Lord opened\" the heart of Lydia

\"that she attended unto the things which were spoken of Paul\" (Acts 16:14), so

in the case supposed above, the Holy Spirit quickened that one before he

believed the Gospel message. Here then is the \"sanctification of the Spirit\":

this one soul who has been born again has, by virtue of his new birth, been

separated from the other ninety-nine. Those born again are, by the Spirit, set

apart from those who are dead in trespasses and sins.

A beautiful type of the operations of the Holy Spirit antecedent to the sinner\'s

\"belief of the truth,\" is found in the first chapter of Genesis. We read in

verse 2, \"And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the

face of the deep.\" The original Hebrew here might be literally rendered thus:

\"And the earth had become a desolate ruin, and darkness was upon the face of the

deep.\" In \"the beginning\" the earth was not created in the condition described

in verse 2. Between the first two verses of Genesis 1 some awful catastrophe had

occurred--possibly the fall of Satan--and, as the consequence, the earth had

been blasted and blighted, and had become a \"desolate ruin,\" lying beneath a

pall of \"darkness.\" Such also is the history of man. Today, man is not in the

condition in which he left the hands of his Creator: an awful catastrophe has

happened, and now man is a \"desolate ruin\" and in total \"darkness\" concerning

spiritual things. Next we read in Genesis 1 how God refashioned the ruined earth

and created new beings to inhabit it. First we read, \"And the Spirit of God

moved upon the face of the water.\" Next we are told, \"And God said, Let there be

light; and there was light.\" The order is the same in the new creation: there is

the first the action of the Spirit, and then the Word of God giving light.

Before the Word found entrance into the scene of desolation and darkness,

bringing with it the light, the Spirit of God \"moved.\" So it is in the new

creation. \"The entrance of Thy word giveth light\" (Psa. 119:130), but before it

can enter the darkened human heart the Spirit of God must operate upon it.

[[ The priority contended for above is rather in order of nature than of time,

just as the effect must ever be preceded by the cause. A blind man must have his

eyes opened before he can see, and yet there is no interval of time between the

one and the other. As soon as his eyes are opened, he sees. So a man must be

born again before he can \"see the kingdom of God\" (John 3:3). Seeing the Son is

necessary to believing in Him. Unbelief is attributed to spiritual

blindness--those who believed not the \"report\" of the Gospel \"saw no beauty\" in

Christ that they should desire Him. The work of the Spirit in \"quickening\" the

one dead in sins, precedes faith in Christ, just as cause ever precedes effect.

But no sooner is the heart turned toward Christ by the Spirit, than the Saviour

is embraced by the sinner.]]

To return to 2 Thessalonians 2:13: \"But we are bound to give thanks always to

God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God hath from the beginning

chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the

truth.\" The order of thought here is most important and instructive. First,

God\'s eternal choice; second, the sanctification of the Spirit; third, belief of

the truth. Precisely the same order is found in 1 Peter 1:2--\"Elect according to

the foreknowledge of God the Father, through sanctification of the Spirit, unto

obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ.\" We take it that the

\"obedience\" here is the \"obedience to the faith\" (Rom. 1:5), which appropriates

the virtues of the sprinkled blood of the Lord Jesus. So then before the

\"obedience\" (of faith, cf. Heb. 5:9), there is the work of the Spirit setting us

apart, and behind that is the election of God the Father. The ones \"sanctified

of the Spirit\" then, are they whom \"God hath from the beginning chosen to

salvation\" (2 Thess. 2:13), those who are \"elect according to the foreknowledge

of God the Father\" (1 Peter 1:2).

But, it may be said, is not the present mission of the Holy Spirit to \"convict

the world of sin\"? And we answer, it is not. The mission of the Spirit is

threefold; to glorify Christ, to vivify the elect, to edify the saints. John

16:8-11 does not describe the \"mission\" of the Spirit, but sets forth the

significance of His presence here in the world. It treats not of His subjective

work in sinners, showing them their need of Christ, by searching their

consciences and striking terror to their hearts; what we have there is entirely

objective. To illustrate. Suppose I saw a man hanging on the gallows, of what

would that \"convince\" me? Why, that he was a murderer. How would I thus be

convinced? By reading the record of his trial? by hearing a confession from his

own lips? No; but by the fact that he was hanging there. So the fact that the

Holy Spirit is here furnishes proof of the world\'s guilt, of God\'s

righteousness, and of the Devil\'s judgment.

The Holy Spirit ought not to be here at all. That is a startling statement, but

we make it deliberately. Christ is the One who ought to be here. He was sent

here by the Father, but the world did not want Him, would not have Him, hated

Him, and cast Him out. And the presence of the Spirit here instead evidences its

guilt. The coming of the Spirit was a proof to demonstration of the

resurrection, ascension, and glory of the Lord Jesus. His presence on earth

reverses the world\'s verdict, showing that God has set aside the blasphemous

judgment in the palace of Israel\'s high priest and in the hall of the Roman

governor. The \"reproof\" of the Spirit abides, and abides altogether irrespective

of the world\'s reception or rejection of His testimony.

Had our Lord been referring here to the gracious work which the Spirit would

perform in those who should be brought to feel their need of Him, He had said

that the Spirit would convict men of their un-righteousness, their lack of

righteousness. But this is not the thought here at all. The descent of the

Spirit from Heaven establishes God\'s righteousness, Christ\'s righteousness. The

proof of that is, Christ has gone to the Father. Had Christ been an Impostor, as

the religious world insisted when they cast Him out, the Father had not received

Him. The fact that the Father did exalt Him to His own right hand, demonstrates

that He was innocent of the charges laid against Him; and the proof that the

Father has received Him, is the presence now of the Holy Spirit on earth, for

Christ has sent Him from the Father (John 16:7)! The world was unrighteous in

casting Him out, the Father righteous in glorifying Him; and this is what the

Spirit\'s presence here establishes.

\"Of judgment, because the Prince of this world is judged\" (v. 11). This is the

logical and inevitable climax. The world is brought in guilty for their

rejection of, for their refusal to receive, Christ. Its condemnation is

exhibited by the Father\'s exaltation of the spurned One. Therefore nothing

awaits the world, and its Prince, but judgment. The \"judgment\" of Satan is

already established by the Spirit\'s presence here, for Christ, through death,

set at nought him who had the power of death, that is, the Devil (Heb. 2:14).

When God\'s time comes for the Spirit to depart from the earth then His sentence

will be executed, both on the world and its Prince. In the light of this

unspeakably solemn passage we need not be surprised to find Christ saying, \"The

Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it seeth Him not,

neither knoweth Him.\" No, the world wants Him not; He condemns the world.

\"And when He is come, He will reprove (or, better, \"convict\"--bring in guilty)

the world of sin, and of righteousness, and of judgment: Of sin, because they

believe not on Me; of righteousness, because I go to My Father, and ye see Me no

more; Of judgment, because the prince of this world is judged\" (John 16:8-11).

Three things, then, the presence of the Holy Spirit on earth demonstrates to the

world: first, its sin, because the world refused to believe on Christ; second,

God\'s righteousness in exalting to His own right hand the One cast out, and now

no more seen by the world; third, judgment, because Satan the world\'s prince is

already judged, though execution of his judgment is yet future. Thus the Holy

Spirit\'s presence here displays things as they really are. We repeat, John

16:8-11 makes no reference to the mission of the Spirit of God in the world, for

during this dispensation, the Spirit has no mission and ministry worldward.

The Holy Spirit is Sovereign in His operations and His mission is confined to

God\'s elect: they are the ones He \"comforts,\" \"seals,\" guides into all truth,

shows things to come, etc. The work of the Spirit is necessary in order to the

complete accomplishment of the Father\'s eternal purpose. Speaking

hypothetically, but reverently, be it said, that if God had done nothing more

than given Christ to die for sinners, not a single sinner would ever have been

saved. In order for any sinner to see his need of a Saviour and be willing to

receive the Saviour he needs the work of the Holy Spirit upon and within him as

imperatively required. Had God done nothing more than given Christ to die for

sinners and then sent forth His servants to proclaim salvation through Jesus

Christ, thus leaving sinners entirely to themselves to accept or reject as they

pleased, then every sinner would have rejected, because at heart every man hates

God and is at enmity with Him. Therefore the work of the Holy Spirit was needed

to bring the sinner to Christ, to overcome his innate opposition, and compel him

to accept the provision God has made. We say \"compel\" the sinner, for this is

precisely what the Holy Spirit does, has to do, and this leads us to consider at

some length, though as briefly as possible, the parable of the \"Marriage

Supper.\"

In Luke 14:16 we read, \"A certain man made a great supper, and bade many.\" By

comparing carefully what follows here with Matthew 22:2-10 several important

distinctions will be observed. We take it that these passages are two

independent accounts of the same parable, differing in detail according to the

distinctive purpose and design of the Holy Spirit in each Gospel. Matthew\'s

account--in harmony with the Spirit\'s presentation there of Christ as the King

says, \"A certain king made a marriage for his son.\" Luke\'s account--where the

Spirit presents Christ as the Son of Man--says \"A certain man made a great

supper and bade many.\" Matthew 22:3 says, \"And sent forth His servants\"; Luke

14:17 says, \"And sent His servant.\" Now what we wish particularly to call

attention to is, that all through Matthew\'s account it is \"servants,\" whereas in

Luke it is always \"servant.\" The class of readers for whom we are writing are

those that believe, unreservedly, in the verbal inspiration of the Scriptures,

and such will readily acknowledge there must be some reason for this change from

the plural number in Matthew to the singular number in Luke. We believe the

reason is a weighty one and that attention to this variation reveals an

important truth. We believe that the \"servants\" in Matthew, speaking generally,

are all who go forth preaching the Gospel, but that the \"Servant\" in Luke 14 is

the Holy Spirit, for God the Son, in the days of His earthly ministry, was the

Servant of Jehovah (Isa. 42:1). It will be observed that in Matthew 22 the

\"servants\" are sent forth to do three things: first, to \"call\" to the wedding

(v. 3); second, to \"tell those which are bidden.. all things are ready: come

unto the marriage\" (v. 4); third, to \"bid to the marriage\" (v. 9); and these

three are the things which those who minister the Gospel today are now doing. In

Luke 14 the Servant is also sent forth to do three things: first, He is to say

to them that were bidden, Come: for all things are now ready\" (v. 17); second,

He is to \"bring in the poor, and the maimed, and the halt, and the blind\" (v.

21); third, He is to \"compel them to come in\" (v. 23), and the last two of these

the Holy Spirit alone can do!

In the above Scripture we see that \"the Servant,\" the Holy Spirit, compels

certain ones to come in to the \"supper\" and herein is seen His Sovereignty, His

omnipotency, His Divine sufficiency. The clear implication from this word

\"compel\" is, that those whom the Holy Spirit does \"bring in\" are not willing of

themselves to come. This is exactly what we have sought to show in previous

paragraphs. By nature, God\'s elect are children of wrath even as others (Eph.

2:3), and as such their hearts are at enmity with God. But this \"enmity\" of

theirs is overcome by the Spirit and He \"compels\" them to come in. Is it not

clear then that the reason why others are left outside, is not only because they

are unwilling to go in, but also because the Holy Spirit does not \"compel\" them

to come in? Is it not manifest that the Holy Spirit is Sovereign in the exercise

of His power, that as the wind \"bloweth where it pleaseth\" so the Holy Spirit

operates where He pleases?

And now to sum up. We have sought to show the perfect consistency of God\'s ways:

that each Person in the Godhead acts in sympathy and harmony with the Others.

God the Father elected certain ones to salvation, God the Son died for the

elect, and God the Spirit quickens the elect. Well may we sing,

Praise God from whom all blessings flow,

Praise Him all creatures here below,

Praise Him above ye heavenly host,

Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.